Hyperliquid is the largest onchain perpetuals exchange, commanding roughly 70% of decentralized perps volume and clearing as much as $300 billion in a single month across a fully onchain order book processing 200,000+ orders per second.

Founded in 2023 by former Hudson River Trading engineer Jeff Yan, it runs on a purpose-built Layer 1 using HyperBFT consensus for one-block finality, listing 100+ USDC-margined perp markets at up to 40x leverage with permissionless HIP-3 markets extending into oil, metals, and equities.

The network took no venture capital and pays no market makers. Nearly all protocol fees are converted into HYPE buybacks through the Assistance Fund, and every trade, liquidation, and funding payment settles verifiably onchain through HyperCore and HyperEVM.

Custody works differently from every centralized rival. Users hold their own funds against smart-contract and bridge risk rather than an exchange balance sheet, and the protocol itself has never been hacked, though a validator intervention during the JELLY incident showed governance can act fast when markets are attacked.

Gate is the fourth-largest crypto perpetuals venue and one of the oldest exchanges still operating, founded in 2013 by Dr. Lin Han and serving more than 49 million users after its group-wide rebrand from Gate.io. The platform reported $3.8 trillion in 2024 trading volume, with contract trading contributing $2 trillion of it.

Its perpetuals platform spans 560+ pairs at up to 125x leverage in USDT and BTC-margined variants, backed by a unified account, portfolio margin, and a dual-price liquidation system keyed to external spot indexes. Gate also leads every centralized exchange in stock perpetuals open interest, holding nearly double Bybit's total as equity contracts become the market's fastest-growing segment.

Its regulatory map is wider than most offshore rivals can claim. A MiCA license from Malta's MFSA covers the EU alongside a full VARA license in Dubai, and licensed local entities serve Japan through the Coin Master acquisition and Australia under AUSTRAC registration.